| TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 |
| I. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC BACKGROUND 3 |
| A. Introduction 3 |
| B. Recent Political History 5 |
| 1. 1968-1980 5 |
| 2. 1980-1985 6 |
| 3. 1985-1990 6 |
| 4. 1990-Present 8 |
| C. Economic Conditions 12 |
| D. The Guerrilla Insurgencies 14 |
| 1. Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) 15 |
| 2. Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru (MRTA) 21 |
| II. PERPETRATORS OF HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES 22 |
| A. Peruvian Government and Security Forces 24 |
| 1. Security Forces 26 |
| 2. Death Squads Linked to the Security Forces 27 |
| 3. Civil Defense Patrols (Rondas Campesinas) 30 |
| B. Guerrilla Movements 32 |
| 1. Sendero Luminoso 32 |
| 2. MRTA 35 |
| C. Drug Traffickers 35 |
| III. LEGAL STRUCTURE AND CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 36 |
| A. The 1979 Constitution 36 |
| B. Suspension of Guarantees in the Emergency Zones 37 |
| C. Effect of the Fujimori Coup on Constitutional Rule in Peru 39 |
| 1. Decree Laws since the Fujimori Self-coup and the Deterioration of Civil Liberties |
| and Freedom 41 |
| 2. Effect of the Decrees on Civil Liberties and Due Process 43 |
| D. The 1993 Constitution -- Codification of Strong Executive Authority and Weakene d |
| Individual Protections against Government Abuse 46 |
| E. De Facto and De Jure Impunity for Human Rights Abuses 49 |
| 1. Military Impunity 50 |
| 2. The Absence of Judicial Protection 54 |
| IV. HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES 60 |
| A. Abuses Committed by Government Security Forces 61 |
| 1. Forced Disappearances 61 |
| 2. Extrajudicial Executions 64 |
| 3. Arbitrary Arrests and Prolonged Detention 67 |
| 4. Torture 70 |
| 5. Forced Participation in Civil Defense Patrols 74 |
| B. Abuses Committed by Guerrilla Forces 74 |
| 1. Assassinations 74 |
| 2. Torture 76 |
| 3. Kidnapping 77 |
| 4. Forced Enlistment in Guerrilla Units 77 |
| V. GROUPS AT RISK 77 |
| A. Government Officials and Members of Political Parties 78 |
| 1. Targeting By Guerrilla Forces 78 |
| 2. Targeting By Peruvian Security Forces 79 |
| B. Trade Unionists 80 |
| 1. Targeting By Guerrilla Forces 80 |
| 2. Targeting By Peruvian Security Forces 81 |
| C. Human Rights Activists and Lawyers 81 |
| 1. Targeting By Guerrilla Forces 82 |
| 2. Targeting By Peruvian Security Forces 82 |
| D. Witnesses to Human Rights Abuses and Family Members of Victims or Targets 85 |
| 1. Targeting By Guerrilla Forces 86 |
| 2. Targeting By Peruvian Security Forces 87 |
| E. Community Leaders and Active Members of Non-Governmental Organizations 88 |
| 1. Targeting By Guerrilla Forces 89 |
| 2. Targeting By Peruvian Security Forces 90 |
| F. Civil Defense Patrols (Rondas Campesinas) 91 |
| G. Academics and Students 92 |
| H. Journalists 95 |
| 1. Targeting By Guerrilla Forces 95 |
| 2. Targeting By Peruvian Security Forces 95 |
| I. Judges, Prosecutors, and Court Officials 98 |
| 1. Targeting By Guerrilla Forces 99 |
| 2. Targeting By Peruvian Security Forces 99 |
| J. Members of the Security Forces Who Criticize Military Impunity and Their Families 100 |
| K. Displaced People and Forced Migrants 101 |
| L. Members of Religious Groups 101 |
| 1. Targeting By Guerrilla Forces 102 |
| 2. Targeting By Peruvian Security Forces 102 |
| M. Health Professionals 103 |
| N. Women 104 |
| 1. Targeting by Guerrilla Forces 105 |
| 2. Targeting by Peruvian Security Forces 105 |
| O. Residents of the Emergency Zones 107 |
| 1. Targeting By Guerrilla Forces 108 |
| 2. Targeting By Peruvian Security Forces 108 |
| P. Homosexuals 109 |
| 1. Targeting by Guerrilla Forces 109 |
| 2. Targeting by Peruvian Security Forces 110 |
VI. INDEX 111
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